Scientists at University of California, Irvine predict that the world’s fisheries will be, on average, 20% less productive in the year 2300, with those in the North Atlantic down nearly 60% and those in much of the western Pacific experiencing declines of more than 50% as warming-induced plankton growth near Antarctica will impair the marine food chain.
In a study published in Science, UCI climatologists outline the results of computer simulations showing a world subjected to nearly three more centuries of unbridled global warming. This bleak future will be characterised by a 9.6°C increase in mean surface air temperature, nearly ten times the warming we have seen to this point. The extended climate warming will drastically alter wind patterns, boost ocean surface temperatures and melt nearly all the sea ice in polar regions.
‘These conditions will cause changes in phytoplankton growth and ocean circulation around Antarctica, with the net effect of transferring nutrients from the upper ocean to the deep ocean,’ said lead author J. Keith Moore, UCI professor of Earth system science.
‘Marine ecosystems everywhere to the north will be increasingly starved for nutrients, leading to less primary production (photosynthesis) by phytoplankton, which form the base of ocean food chains.’
In today’s ocean, nutrients are brought up to the surface around Antarctica but then move north and eventually flow into the low latitudes, supporting the plankton and fish populations there, he said. With increased phytoplankton growth around Antarctica, the northward transfer of nutrients will be greatly reduced.
‘You end up trapping the nutrients near Antarctica,’ he said.
There are three key factors driving increased phytoplankton growth around Antarctica, according to Moore: the long-term warming trend in the oceans, the changes in winds brought on by global climate warming and, most significantly, the near elimination of sea ice along the coast of Antarctica.
‘Without the floating ice, which blocks much of the light today, you get increased photosynthesis,’ he said. ‘Combined with warmer ocean temperatures throughout the year, this leads to a longer growing season and faster plankton growth rates. Stronger winds drive increased upwelling, bringing nutrients to the surface, resulting in higher nutrient concentrations and more plankton growth near Antarctica.’
Nitrogen and phosphorus are key nutrients that support phytoplankton growth in the ocean. As these elements are increasingly depleted everywhere to the north, phytoplankton populations decline and scarcity reverberates up through the food chain, ultimately affecting the fish that humans catch and eat. Moore and his fellow researchers used an empirical model linking plankton growth to present-day fish catches and then factored in dwindling nutrients and plankton populations due to climate warming in the coming centuries.
‘By looking at the decline in fish food over time, we can estimate how much our total potential fisheries catch could be reduced,’ said Moore, who helped develop the Community Earth System Model employed in this study.
He emphasised the importance of looking further into the future with climate models, something that isn’t often done because of the computational resources such modelling requires. Months of computations using thousands of central processing units were needed to simulate the climate and oceans up to 2300. But stopping climate studies at the end of our current century, as is common among scientists and policymakers, is insufficient given the amount of time it takes for the ocean to absorb and respond to heat being trapped by the Earth’s atmosphere today, Moore said.
‘The climate is warming rapidly now, but in the ocean, most of that added heat is still right at the surface. It takes centuries for that heat to work its way into the deeper ocean, changing the circulation and removing the sea ice, which is a big part of this process,’ he said.
‘This is what’s going to happen if we don’t put the brakes on global warming, and it’s pretty catastrophic for the oceans,’ he stressed.
‘There is still time to avoid most of this warming and get to a stable climate by the end of this century, but in order to do that, we have to aggressively reduce our fossil fuel use and emissions of greenhouse gas pollutants.’
Collaborating on this US Department of Energy-supported study were scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the University of Virginia, Cornell University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
